What happens when ethanol is oxidized?
Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is oxidized to form ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) when treated with an oxidizing agent such as potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate.
What is the difference between addition and substitution reactions?
In an addition reaction, new atoms are added to a compound (typically across double or triple bonds in unsaturated hydrocarbons). In a substitution reaction, one atom (usually hydrogen) is replaced by another atom, such as a halogen.
Why do hydrocarbons burn with a flame?
Hydrocarbons burn in oxygen during combustion, producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of heat and light. The carbon in the compound reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, while hydrogen forms water.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) contain double or triple bonds.
What is the significance of catenation?
Catenation allows carbon to form long chains, branched chains, and rings, which are the basis for many organic compounds found in nature and industry.
Why is carbon considered versatile?
Carbon’s versatility arises from its ability to form stable covalent bonds with itself and other elements. Its tetravalency and capacity for catenation lead to an immense variety of compounds.
What is the difference between single, double, and triple covalent bonds?
A single bond involves sharing one pair of electrons, a double bond involves two pairs, and a triple bond involves three pairs of electrons shared between two atoms.
What is a covalent bond?
A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons, allowing both atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration.
Why does carbon form covalent bonds instead of ionic bonds?
Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell, and it is energetically unfavorable for it to either gain or lose four electrons to form an ion. Therefore, carbon shares electrons and forms covalent bonds.
What is the difference between soaps and detergents?
Soaps are natural salts of fatty acids, while detergents are synthetic and work better in hard water.
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