Biodegradable substances can be broken down by natural processes, while non-biodegradable substances cannot decompose easily and remain in the environment for a long time, causing pollution.
Genetic variation allows populations to adapt to changing environments. Natural selection acts on individuals with beneficial variations, allowing them to survive and reproduce. Over time, these beneficial traits become more common, driving evolution.
Mendel’s experiments with pea plants revealed that traits are inherited in predictable patterns. His laws of inheritance (dominance, segregation, and independent assortment) explain how traits are passed from one generation to the next.
Hereditary traits are characteristics passed from parents to offspring through genes. These traits include physical features, behaviors, and even susceptibility to certain diseases.
The environment determines which variations are beneficial. Individuals with traits that are well-suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, while those with less favorable traits may not survive as well.
Variation provides the raw material for natural selection. Individuals with favorable variations are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring. Over time, this leads to the accumulation of beneficial traits in a population, driving evolution.
Sexual reproduction involves the mixing of genetic material from two parents, leading to a greater variety of genetic combinations. Asexual reproduction, on the other hand, involves only one parent, so variation is limited to mutations in the DNA.
Variations occur due to mutations, recombination during meiosis, independent assortment of chromosomes, and the random fusion of gametes during fertilization. These processes introduce differences in the genetic material passed from parents to offspring.
Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity, including the Law of Dominance, the Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment, by experimenting with pea plants.
The sex of a child is determined by the sex chromosomes. The mother always provides an X chromosome, while the father provides either an X (resulting in a female) or a Y (resulting in a male).
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