Give examples of ideal and non-ideal solutions.
Examples of ideal solutions include benzene and toluene, hexane and heptane. Examples of non-ideal solutions include ethanol and acetone, phenol and aniline, and chloroform and acetone.
Why do non-ideal solutions show positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law?
Non-ideal solutions show positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law because the intermolecular interactions between solute and solvent are either weaker (positive deviation) or stronger (negative deviation) than those between the pure components.
Can non-ideal solutions form azeotropes?
Yes, non-ideal solutions can form azeotropes, which are mixtures that boil at a constant temperature and retain the same composition in the vapor phase as in the liquid phase.
How do ideal and non-ideal solutions differ in terms of vapor pressure?
In ideal solutions, the total vapor pressure is the same as predicted by Raoult’s law. In non-ideal solutions, the total vapor pressure is either higher or lower than the value predicted by Raoult’s law.
What is a non-ideal solution?
A non-ideal solution is one that does not obey Raoult’s law. It may show positive or negative deviation from Raoult’s law, and the enthalpy and volume changes upon mixing are not zero.
What is an ideal solution?
An ideal solution is a solution where the intermolecular interactions between solute-solute (A-A) and solvent-solvent (B-B) are similar to the interaction between solute-solvent (A-B). It obeys Raoult’s law, has zero enthalpy and volume change upon mixing.
What is the significance of Euglena in biotechnology?
Euglena is cultivated for commercial production of paramylon and has potential applications in nutrition and biotechnology due to its unique metabolic properties.
What is the pellicle in Euglena?
The pellicle is a flexible outer membrane composed of proteinaceous strips and microtubules, providing flexibility and shape change.
Can Euglena perform photosynthesis?
Yes, Euglena contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll, allowing them to perform photosynthesis.
What is the function of the eyespot in Euglena?
The eyespot, or stigma, helps Euglena detect light and move towards it (phototaxis).
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