Why are detergents better suited for hard water than soaps?
Detergents do not react with calcium and magnesium ions in hard water, so they do not form scum. This makes them more effective cleaners in areas with hard water.
What is a micelle, and how does it help in cleaning?
A micelle is a spherical structure formed by soap or detergent molecules, with hydrophobic tails trapping grease and hydrophilic heads interacting with water. This allows dirt to be washed away easily.
Why do soaps form scum in hard water?
In hard water, calcium and magnesium ions react with soap molecules to form an insoluble precipitate called scum, which reduces the soap's effectiveness.
What is the importance of esterification reactions?
Esterification reactions produce esters, which have pleasant fragrances and are widely used in the perfume and food industries as flavoring agents.
How does ethanol react with sodium?
When ethanol reacts with sodium, it forms sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas. This reaction shows ethanol’s weakly acidic properties.
Why is ethanol used as a biofuel?
Ethanol is a renewable resource, and its combustion produces fewer pollutants compared to fossil fuels, making it an eco-friendly alternative for fuel.
What happens when ethanol is oxidized?
Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) is oxidized to form ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) when treated with an oxidizing agent such as potassium dichromate or potassium permanganate.
What is the difference between addition and substitution reactions?
In an addition reaction, new atoms are added to a compound (typically across double or triple bonds in unsaturated hydrocarbons). In a substitution reaction, one atom (usually hydrogen) is replaced by another atom, such as a halogen.
Why do hydrocarbons burn with a flame?
Hydrocarbons burn in oxygen during combustion, producing carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of heat and light. The carbon in the compound reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, while hydrogen forms water.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) contain double or triple bonds.
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